A experiência da escrita para uma construção cartográfica: caderno digital itinerante como dispositivo / The writing experience for a cartographic construction: itinerant digital notebook as a device / La experiencia de escritura para una construcción cartográfica: el cuaderno digital itinerante como dispositivo

O objetivo deste trabalho foi discutir acerca da utilização de um dispositivo de pesquisa: o caderno digital itinerante, a partir do qual foi possível promover a construção conjunta de uma pesquisa, partindo do método cartográfico. A pesquisa de campo que deu origem a esta reflexão metodológica teve por objetivo principal cartografar experiências sapatão na cidade, por meio da construção conjunta de um caderno digital itinerante no qual as participantes, juntamente com a pesquisadora, escreviam sobre suas experiências como mulheres lésbicas e/ou pessoas que se reconheciam enquanto sapatão. Tendo como um dos instrumentos a análise do diário de campo, produzido durante a pesquisa, foi possível discutir em profundidade o enfoque metodológico adotado e questionar a dicotomia pesquisadora-objeto, provocando algumas reflexões acerca da temática da participação e do desenvolvimento de pesquisas on-line, sobretudo no período pandêmico. Por fim, apostar na cartografia enquanto método de pesquisa com e não sobre permitiu a produção de uma pesquisadora sapatão que pudesse se ocupar da escuta, lendo sobre diferentes processos de subjetivação e, com isso, produzindo outros sentidos para seu objeto de pesquisa. (AU)

The aim of this study was to discuss the use of a research tool: the itinerant digital notebook, which facilitated the collaborative construction of research based on the cartographic method. The field research that gave rise to this methodological reflection aimed to map dyke experiences in the city through the collaborative construction of an itinerant digital notebook. In this note-book, participants, alongside the researcher, wrote about their experiences as lesbian women and/or individuals who identified as dykes. Using the analysis of the field diary produced during the research as one of the instruments, it was possible to deeply discuss the adopted methodological approach and question the researcher-object dichotomy, prompting reflections on the theme of participation and the development of online research, especially during the pandemic period. Ultimately, embracing cartography as a research method with, not on, participants allowed the production of a dyke researcher who could engage in listening, reading about different processes of subjectivation, and thereby generating alternative meanings for her object of study. (AU)

El objetivo de este trabajo fue discutir el uso de un dispositivo de investigación: el cuaderno digital itinerante, a partir del cual fue posible promover la cons-trucción conjunta de una investigación, a partir del método cartográfico. La investigación de campo que dio origen a esta reflexión metodológica tuvo como objetivo principal mapear las experiencias lesbianas en la ciudad, a través de la construcción conjunta de un cuaderno digital itinerante en el que las parti-cipantes, junto con la investigadora, escribieron sobre sus experiencias como lesbianas y/o personas que se reconocían como bolleras/camioneras. Teniendo como uno de los instrumentos el análisis del diario de campo producido durante la investigación, fue posible discutir en profundidad el abordaje metodológico adoptado y cuestionar la dicotomía investigadora-objeto, provocando algunas reflexiones sobre el tema de la participación y el desarrollo de investigación, especialmente en el período de pandemia. Finalmente, apostar por la carto-grafía como método de investigación con participantes y no sobre las partici-pantes permitió producir una investigadora lesbiana que podía ocuparse de escuchar, leer sobre diferentes procesos de subjetivación y, con eso, producir otros significados para su objeto de investigación. (AU)

O florir da violeta: um estudo de caso em avaliação terapêutica / The flowering of violet: a case study in therapeutic assessment / La flor de la violeta: un estudio de caso en evaluación terapéutica

A Avaliação Terapêutica (AT) é um processo avaliativo e interventivo proposto para ser semiestruturado e colaborativo com o objetivo de promover mudanças positivas no cliente, que é convidado a ter uma participação ativa durante o processo. Na AT, os resultados dos testes psicológicos padronizados ganham destaque como facilitadores do processo de autoconhecimento do cliente. Desse modo, usualmente, integram-se os achados de testes psicológicos de autorrelato com os métodos projetivos para gerar informações que possam ampliar a visão que o cliente tem de si. Neste artigo, buscou-se compreender o potencial de uso dos testes psicológicos e da relação colaborativa a partir de um caso atendido na perspectiva da AT. A participante, Violeta (nome fictício), foi atendida em 10 sessões com duração entre 60 e 115 minutos. Foram utilizados os testes psicológicos Escala de Bem-Estar Psicológico (Ebep), Escala de Vulnerabilidade e Estresse no Trabalho (Event), Bateria Fatorial de Personalidade (BFP), Método de Rorschach e Inventários de Habilidades Sociais 2 (IHS-2). Observou-se que, durante o processo, Violeta ampliou sua autopercepção, o que possibilitou mudanças no modo de agir em seus relacionamentos amorosos e na reflexão sobre como sua postura era vista por si e por seus colegas de trabalho. Acredita-se que a AT cumpriu com o objetivo de estabelecer uma experiência terapêutica que possibilitasse mudanças positivas para a cliente. Este estudo de caso contribuiu para ampliar a compreensão sobre a importância e o uso dos testes psicológicos neste modelo de avaliação psicológica.(AU)

The Therapeutic Assessment (TA) is an evaluative and interventional process proposed to be semi-structured and collaborative with the objective of promoting positive changes in the client, who is invited to have an active participation during the process. At the TA, the results of standardized psychological tests are highlighted as facilitators of the client's self-knowledge process. In this way, the findings of psychological self-report tests are usually integrated with projective methods to generate information that can broaden the client's view of themselves. In this article, understanding the potential use of psychological tests and of the collaborative relationship from a case treated from the TA perspective was sought. The participant, Violet (fictitious name), was assisted in 10 sessions lasting between 60 and 115 minutes. The psychological tests Psychological Well-Being Scale (EBEP), Vulnerability and Stress at Work Scale (EVENT), Personality Factorial Battery (BFP), Rorschach Method and Social Skills Inventories 2 (IHS-2) were used. It was observed that, during the process, Violet increased her self-perception, which allowed changes in her way of acting in her love life and in her reflection on how her posture was seen by herself and herco-workers. It is believed that TA fulfilled the objective of establishing a therapeutic experience that would enable positive changes for the client. This case study contributed to broaden the understanding about the importance and use of psychological testing in this psychological assessment model.(AU)

La Evaluación Terapéutica (ET) es un proceso de evaluación e intervención que se propone ser semiestructurado y colaborativo, con el objetivo de lograr cambios positivos en el cliente, quien es invitado a tener participación activa durante el proceso. En la ET se destacan los resultados de las pruebas psicológicas estandarizadas como facilitadoras del proceso de autoconocimiento del cliente. Los hallazgos de las pruebas psicológicas de autoinforme suelen integrarse con métodos proyectivos para generar información que pueda ampliar la visión que el cliente tiene de sí mismo. En este artículo se buscó comprender el uso potencial de las pruebas psicológicas y de la relación colaborativa a partir de un estudio de caso tratado desde la perspectiva de la ET. Atendieron a la participante Violeta (nombre ficticio), en 10 sesiones que duraron entre 60 y 115 minutos. Se utilizaron las pruebas psicológicas Escala de Bienestar Psicológico (EBEP), Escala de Vulnerabilidad y Estrés en el Trabajo (EVENT), Batería de Factorial de la Personalidad (BFP), Método de Rorschach e Inventario de Habilidades Sociales 2 (IHS-dos). Se observó que, durante el proceso, Violeta amplió su autopercepción, lo que permitió cambios en la forma de actuar en sus relaciones amorosas y en el reflejo de como ella y sus compañeros de trabajo veían su postura. Así, se cree que ET ha cumplido el objetivo de establecer una experiencia terapéutica que permitió cambios positivos a la cliente. Este estudio contribuyó a ampliar la comprensión sobre la importancia y el uso de las pruebas psicológicas en este modelo de evaluación psicológica.(AU)

Percepção de professores-pesquisadores sobre questões éticas em pesquisas on-line / Perception of professor-researchers on ethical issues in online research / Percepción de profesores-investigadores sobre cuestiones éticas en investigaciones en línea

Resumo O artigo investiga a percepção de professores-pesquisadores em relação à ética em pesquisa on-line. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo que entrevistou profissionais vinculados a programas de pós-graduação em educação de universidades brasileiras que atuam com tecnologias digitais da informação e comunicação. Os dados foram organizados em mapa dialógico, cuja análise permitiu identificar alguns sentidos atribuídos à ética em pesquisa. Os entrevistados demonstraram reconhecer a importância da ética em pesquisa on-line e compartilharam opiniões, preocupações e críticas que permitiram (des)construir discursos a fim de defender uma prática científica direcionada à proteção dos participantes de pesquisas.

Abstract This article analyzes the perception of professors on online research ethics. This qualitative study interviewed professionals linked to graduate programs in Brazilian universities, who work with digital information and communication technologies. Data were organized in a dialogic map, whose analysis allowed identifying meanings attributed to research ethics. Respondents recognized the importance of ethics in online research and shared opinions, concerns, and criticisms that allowed (de)constructing discourses to defend a scientific practice aimed at protecting research participants.

Resumen El artículo investiga la percepción de profesores-investigadores acerca de la ética en la investigación en línea. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo, que entrevistó a profesionales vinculados a programas de educación de posgrado en universidades brasileñas y que trabajan con tecnologías digitales de la información y la comunicación. Se organizaron los datos en un mapa dialógico, cuyo análisis permitió identificar algunos significados atribuidos a la ética de la investigación. Los encuestados demostraron reconocer la importancia de la ética en la investigación en línea y compartieron opiniones, preocupaciones y críticas que permitieron (des)construir discursos para defender una práctica científica orientada a proteger los participantes de investigaciones.

Real-time dialogue between experimenters and dreamers during REM sleep.

Dreams take us to a different reality, a hallucinatory world that feels as real as any waking experience. These often-bizarre episodes are emblematic of human sleep but have yet to be adequately explained. Retrospective dream reports are subject to distortion and forgetting, presenting a fundamental challenge for neuroscientific studies of dreaming. Here we show that individuals who are asleep and in the midst of a lucid dream (aware of the fact that they are currently dreaming) can perceive questions from an experimenter and provide answers using electrophysiological signals. We implemented our procedures for two-way communication during polysomnographically verified rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep in 36 individuals. Some had minimal prior experience with lucid dreaming, others were frequent lucid dreamers, and one was a patient with narcolepsy who had frequent lucid dreams. During REM sleep, these individuals exhibited various capabilities, including performing veridical perceptual analysis of novel information, maintaining information in working memory, computing simple answers, and expressing volitional replies. Their responses included distinctive eye movements and selective facial muscle contractions, constituting correctly answered questions on 29 occasions across 6 of the individuals tested. These repeated observations of interactive dreaming, documented by four independent laboratory groups, demonstrate that phenomenological and cognitive characteristics of dreaming can be interrogated in real time. This relatively unexplored communication channel can enable a variety of practical applications and a new strategy for the empirical exploration of dreams.

Journey of ethics - Conducting collaborative research with people with dementia.

This paper explores some of the ethical considerations of working collaboratively with people with dementia within research based upon the experiences, challenges and learning from three doctoral research studies. Focus is on the research relationship with participants and gatekeepers, the importance of setting and access, the power relations within the research and ways in which people with dementia can be supported to be active and have a voice in research. This sits within an ethical framework of principalist ethics and ethics of care to guide not only how research is planned ethically and with consideration of participants, but also how this can support decisions made in situ. The aim is to share, based upon these three studies, ways of managing and working through some of the ethical consideration to support researchers in their decisions in planning and conducting research with people with dementia as active collaborators.

Desafios atuais da prática em pesquisa qualitativa: reflexões e posicionamento do pesquisador / Desafíos actuales de la práctica de la investigación cualitativa: reflexiones y posicionamiento del investigador / Challenges on current practice of qualitative research: reflections and researcher positioning

Este artigo parte do discurso provocativo feito pelo pesquisador Svend Brinkmann na 17ª Conferência sobre Pesquisa Qualitativa em Saúde para refletir criticamente sobre três desafios enfrentados na prática atual da pesquisa qualitativa e sobre o papel do pesquisador nesse contexto. São abordadas questões éticas, de reconhecimento e validade da pesquisa e relacionadas ao rigor metodológico que destacam o papel do posicionamento do pesquisador para o reconhecimento e a valorização da pesquisa qualitativa, em especial na área de pesquisa em saúde. (AU)

Este artículo se basa en el provocador discurso pronunciado por el investigador Svend Brinkmann en la 17ª Conferencia de Investigación Cualitativa en Salud para reflexionar críticamente sobre tres desafíos enfrentados en la práctica actual de la investigación cualitativa y el papel del investigador en ese contexto. Se abordan cuestiones éticas, de reconocimiento y vigencia de la investigación y relacionadas con el rigor metodológico, destacando el papel del puesto de investigador para el reconocimiento y valorización de la investigación cualitativa, especialmente en el área de la investigación en salud. (AU)

Building on the provocative speech given by researcher Svend Brinkmann at the 17th Qualitative Health Research Conference, this paperwork aims to critically think over three challenges faced during the current practice of qualitative research, and also the role of the researcher in this context. We have taken into consideration ethical issues and issues of recognition and validation of the research, as well as issues related to methodological rigor, which highlight the role of the researcher in the recognition and valuation of qualitative research, particularly in the health research field. (AU)

Perfil e vozes dos participantes de pesquisas clínicas no Brasil / Profiles and voices of participants in clinical research in Brazil / Perfil y voces de los participantes de investigaciones clínicas en Brasil

Resumo Este estudo de caso buscou traçar o perfil socioeconômico de participantes de ensaios clínicos em centro de pesquisa brasileiro, analisando suas decisões, motivações e experiências, seu conhecimento sobre riscos, benefícios e cuidados dispensados e o processo de consentimento. Dados de 327 participantes foram coletados, realizando-se entrevistas semiestruturadas com 19 deles. Nas pesquisas executadas no centro estudado houve maior participação de homens, de pessoas com poucos anos de estudo formal e de baixa renda. A maioria é aposentada, não tem assistência privada à saúde e tende a não perceber os efeitos da investigação ou superestimar os benefícios médicos diretos. A busca pelo tratamento médico foi o principal fator que influenciou suas decisões/participação, e a assinatura do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido não garantiu a expressão da autonomia. Conclui-se que o perfil e o conteúdo dos discursos dos participantes são sensíveis indicadores de vulnerabilidade e desigualdade social.

Abstract This case study aimed to trace the socioeconomic profile of participants in clinical research at a Brazilian research center, analyzing their decisions, motivations, experiences, knowledge of risks, benefits and health care provided, and the consent process. The data of 327 participants were collected, and semi-structured interviews conducted with 19 of them. In the research carried out at the center studied there was a greater participation of men and of people with few years of formal education and low income. Most are retired and have no private health plan, tend not to notice the effects of the investigation, or to overestimate its direct medical benefits. The search for medical treatment was the main factor influencing their decisions/participation, and signing the informed consent form did not guarantee the expression of autonomy. We concluded that the participants' profile and speeches content are sensitive indicators of vulnerability and social inequality.

Resumen Este estudio de caso trató de esbozar el perfil socioeconómico de participantes de ensayos clínicos en un centro de investigación brasileño, analizando sus decisiones, motivaciones y experiencias, su conocimiento sobre los riesgos, beneficios y cuidados prestados y el proceso de consentimiento. Se recopilaron datos de 327 participantes y se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas con 19 de ellos. En las investigaciones realizadas en el centro estudiado hubo una mayor participación de hombres, de personas con pocos años de educación formal y con bajos ingresos. La mayoría es jubilada y no tiene asistencia sanitaria privada, tiende a no percibir los efectos de la investigación o a sobrestimar los beneficios médicos directos. La búsqueda de tratamiento médico fue el factor principal que influyó en sus decisiones/participación, y la firma del término de consentimiento libre e informado no garantizó la expresión de la autonomía. Se concluye que el perfil y el contenido de los discursos de los participantes son sensibles indicadores de vulnerabilidad y desigualdad social.

Qualitative research interviewing: reflections on power, silence and assumptions.

BACKGROUND: Novice researchers can face many challenges throughout their journey as researchers in training, particularly when interviewing for qualitative research. AIM: To present an authentic account of the challenges a novice researcher faced when collecting data using narrative interviews. DISCUSSION: The researcher reconsidered how previous interviews had involved power relations and the urge to seek a 'correct' answer from participants. The article explores what are considered 'data', as well as the use of laughter and silence to re-establish power dynamics. CONCLUSIONS: Reflection, feedback from supervisors and peers, and ongoing research experience can help novice researchers understand the strengths and weaknesses of their previous interviews. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Novice researchers may find this article useful when planning for challenges they may encounter when undertaking qualitative research.

Presumption of sexual abuse in children and adolescents: vulnerability of pregnancy before 14 years.

OBJECTIVES: to investigate the presumption of sexual abuse through the records of live births with mothers up to 13 years of age. METHODS: this is a quantitative study, with an ecological design, carried out in Maceió, with data from the Brazilian Live Birth Information System from 2009 to 2017, based on Law 12,015/2009, on sexual crimes against the vulnerable, applying the presumption of violence in children under 14 years old. RESULTS: nine hundred fifty-three births of children with mothers aged 10 to 13 years were recorded; 1.3% were reported as victims of sexual abuse; 20.3% declared to be married or living in a stable relationship. Records were concentrated in 04 neighborhoods, Guaxuma, Benedito Bentes, Tabuleiro do Martins, and Jacintinho. CONCLUSIONS: there was a prevalence of pregnancy and marriage in girls under 14 years of age and scarcity of reporting presumed sexual abuse by health professionals.

Critical methodological considerations in recruiting and engaging non-native English speaking workers with a head injury: a Canadian perspective.

OBJECTIVE: Non-native English speaking workers with a mild work-related traumatic brain and/or head injury are a vulnerable and underrepresented population in research studies. The researchers present their experiences with recruiting and performing qualitative interviews with non-native English speaking individuals with a work-related mild traumatic brain injury, and provide recommendations on how to better include this vulnerable population in future research studies. This paper presents considerations regarding ethics, recruitment challenges, interview preparation and debriefing, sex & gender and language and cultural issues must be made when working with this vulnerable population. RESULTS: The researchers discuss critical issues and provide recommendations in recruiting and engaging with non-native English language workers including ethics, recruitment challenges, interview preparation and debriefing, sex & gender and language, and cultural considerations that must be made when working with this population. The study recommendations advise investigators to spend more time to learn about the non-native English participants in the mild wrTBI context, to be familiar with the vulnerabilities and specific circumstances that these workers experience. By increasing their awareness of the challenging facing this vulnerable population, the intention is to provide better care and treatment options through evidence-based research and practice.

Why genomics researchers are sometimes morally required to hunt for secondary findings.

BACKGROUND: Genomic research can reveal 'unsolicited' or 'incidental' findings that are of potential health or reproductive significance to participants. It is widely thought that researchers have a moral obligation, grounded in the duty of easy rescue, to return certain kinds of unsolicited findings to research participants. It is less widely thought that researchers have a moral obligation to actively look for health-related findings (for example, by conducting additional analyses to search for findings outside the scope of the research question). MAIN TEXT: This paper examines whether there is a moral obligation, grounded in the duty of easy rescue, to actively hunt for genomic secondary findings. We begin by showing how the duty to disclose individual research findings can be grounded in the duty of easy rescue. Next, we describe a parallel moral duty, also grounded in the duty of easy rescue, to actively hunt for such information. We then consider six possible objections to our argument, each of which we find unsuccessful. Some of these objections provide reason to limit the scope of the duty to look for secondary findings, but none provide reason to reject this duty outright. CONCLUSIONS: We argue that under a certain range of circumstances, researchers are morally required to hunt for these kinds of secondary findings. Although these circumstances may not currently obtain, genomic researchers will likely acquire an obligation to hunt for secondary findings as the field of genomics continues to evolve.

Ethics and Collateral Findings in Pragmatic Clinical Trials.

Pragmatic clinical trials (PCTs) offer important benefits, such as generating evidence that is suited to inform real-world health care decisions and increasing research efficiency. However, PCTs also present ethical challenges. One such challenge involves the management of information that emerges in a PCT that is unrelated to the primary research question(s), yet may have implications for the individual patients, clinicians, or health care systems from whom or within which research data were collected. We term these findings as ?pragmatic clinical trial collateral findings,? or ?PCT-CFs?. In this article, we explore the ethical considerations associated with the identification, assessment, and management of PCT-CFs, and how these considerations may vary based upon the attributes of a specific PCT. Our purpose is to map the terrain of PCT-CFs to serve as a foundation for future scholarship as well as policy-making and to facilitate careful deliberation about actual cases as they occur in practice.

Am I being watched? The role of researcher presence on toddlers' behaviour during 'everyday' pain experiences: a pilot study.

Objective: Paediatric research on 'everyday' pain experiences is sparse, stemming from a lack of appropriate methodologies. We explored the feasibility of two methodologies for conducting naturalistic observations of 'everyday' pains within family's homes, against an established methodology for day-care observations. Design: Within family homes, video-cameras recorded a typical morning or afternoon (maximum three hours), either with, or without researcher presence. To compare feasibility, children in day-care were observed by researchers for three hours without video-recording. Outcome measures: logistics of observation, child pain behaviours, caregiver responses to child pain. Results: Thirteen children (Mage = 45.4 months) were recorded at home, experiencing 14 pain events. Researcher presence increased child distress intensity, but reduced the number of pain events compared to sessions without a researcher. Thirty-two children (Mage = 48.4 months) were observed in day-care, experiencing 44 pain events. Children experiencing pain events in day-care exhibited decreased distress and lower personal control than those observed at home. Across all conditions, caregivers engaged mostly in physical comfort. Researcher estimates of child pain were highest if scored while present in the home. Conclusions: Observing everyday pain events within the child's natural environment is feasible and may provide insight into the social context of childhood pain experiences.

Ethical sensitivity in co-production: Openness and doubt when young women participate in research.

During the past years, co-production in medical and health related research has gained more focus. The purpose is to ensure that researchers - and the individuals that the research is relevant and has consequences for - will develop and produce the research, and accordingly also, the results together. In our understanding, the eventual success of co-production in research has to be based on some sort of sensitivity to and negotiation as to the perspectives and categories describing the research theme. In this article, based on empirical data from interviews with adolescents participating in treatment for lifestyle change, we explore the significance of the researchers' sensitivity for adolescents' resistance during the interview process. We argue that this sensitivity is embodied and requires ethical reflection helping the researcher to discover ethical moments. By being sensitive as to participants' resistance in the interview situation, we argue that new knowledge is thereby developed.

Rigor in Qualitative Methods: An Evaluation of Strategies Among Underrepresented Rural Communities.

Achieving rigor using selected criteria to determine trustworthiness using qualitative methods has been without critical evaluation. In this article, strategies such as prolonged engagement and thick, rich description; negative case analysis; peer review or briefing; clarifying researcher bias; member checking; and, investigator triangulation and intercoder reliability are evaluated for appropriateness among an African American Appalachian rural population. Achieving rigor using qualitative methods among participants living in rural communities is time intensive requiring attention to quality versus quantity of time spent in interviews, building trusting relationships, an awareness of interviewer bias and assumptions, and appropriately evaluated strategies that enhance validity. Strategies to achieve rigor in qualitative methods should not be used as a one size fits all approach as this practice might actually diminish rigor. Among underrepresented populations, strategies should be adapted or not used at all.

O que facilita e dificulta a aprendizagem? a perspetiva de adolescentes / ¿qué facilita y dificulta el aprendizaje? la perspectiva de los adolescentes / What makes learning easier and more difficult? the perspective of teenagers

RESUMO Este estudo qualitativo teve como objetivo analisar as perceções de alunos adolescentes acerca dos aspetos que facilitam e dificultam a sua aprendizagem. O conhecimento das perceções dos alunos sobre a sua aprendizagem permite melhorar a qualidade dos processos de ensino-aprendizagem. A partir de um guião semiestruturado, foram realizados cinco grupos focais, em cinco escolas privadas do Norte de Portugal, tendo participado 32 alunos selecionados aleatoriamente. Os participantes eram alunos do 3º ciclo do Ensino Básico (7º, 8º e 9º anos), com idades compreendidas entre os 12 e os 15 anos. A análise dos dados seguiu um processo semi-indutivo de codificação descritiva. Os resultados realçam o papel fundamental do professor na aprendizagem; a importância da ação vs passividade dos alunos na sala de aula; a relevância da dimensão emocional e relacional para o envolvimento do aluno; e a relevância das estratégias de autorregulação da aprendizagem. Como implicações sugere-se a concretização de ações junto de professores e alunos assente nos dados recolhidos e analisados, que sejam promotoras da metacognição de ambos.

RESUMEN Este estudio cualitativo tuvo como objetivo analizar las percepciones de alumnos adolescentes acerca de los aspectos que facilitan y dificultan su aprendizaje. El conocimiento de las percepciones de los alumnos sobre su aprendizaje permite mejorar la calidad de los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje. A partir de un guión semiestructurado, cinco discusiones en grupos focales se llevaron a cabo en cinco escuelas privadas en el Norte de Portugal, que han participado 32 estudiantes seleccionados aleatoriamente. Los participantes eran alumnos del 3º ciclo de la Enseñanza Básica (7º, 8º y 9º años), con edades comprendidas entre los 12 y los 15 años. El análisis de los datos siguió un proceso semi-inductivo de codificación descriptiva. Los resultados subrayan el papel fundamental del profesor para el aprendizaje; la importancia de la acción de los alumnos en el aula versus pasividad; la relevancia de la dimensión emocional y relacional para la participación del alumno y de las estrategias de autorregulación del aprendizaje. Como implicaciones se sugiere la concreción de acciones junto a profesores y alumnos acerca de los datos recogidos y analizados, que sean promotores de la metacognición de ambos.

ABSTRACT This qualitative study aimed to understand the perceptions of adolescent students about what facilitates and hinders their learning. The knowledge of students' perceptions about their learning allows to improve the quality of the learning processes quality. Five focus groups were conducted, with a semi-structured script, in five different private schools from the North of Portugal, having participated in 32 students randomly selected. Participants were students from 7th, 8th and 9th grades, with ages between 12 and 15 years old. The data analysis followed a semi-inductive process and descriptive coding of data. The results highlighted the key role of teachers in students' learning; the importance of students action versus passivity in the classroom; the relevance of emotional and relational dimension to enhance students' engagement, and the relevance of learning self-regulation strategies. As for implications, it is suggested that actions be carried out with teachers and students based on the data collected and analyzed, in order to promote metacognition of both.

"se eu soubesse, não teria vindo": implicações e desafios da entrevista qualitativa / "si supiera, no estaría aquí": implicaciones y desafíos de la entrevista cualitativa / "if i had known, i wouldn't have come": implications and challenges of qualitative interview

RESUMO Por se tratar de uma técnica que privilegia a investigação do sentido, a entrevista é uma das ferramentas mais utilizadas em pesquisas qualitativas. Faz-se necessária, portanto, uma reflexão sobre seu uso. O objetivo deste artigo é discutir os desafios, para a equipe de pesquisa, na utilização da entrevista qualitativa e seus possíveis impactos à pessoa entrevistada. A análise, sustentada em trechos de entrevistas extraídos de diferentes projetos, debruçou-se sobre dois aspectos: 1. a relação entre pesquisadores e participantes; e 2. possíveis implicações para entrevistados. Discute-se que a entrevista se constitui no campo intersubjetivo pesquisador-participante, com variabilidades e influências contextuais, que estão para além da possibilidade de controle total sobre o processo, evidenciando o papel ativo de ambos no acontecimento da entrevista. A respeito das implicações, observa-se que a entrevista possibilita um momento oportuno para a expressão de experiências não reveladas em outros contextos e que, ao revisitar sua história, a percepção sobre ela e sobre si pode se alterar ao longo da narração. Estes aspectos fazem com que a entrevista seja momento de constituição de sentidos e não de mero relato, o que pode também implicar mobilização de afetos. Diante dessas questões, nota-se que a entrevista pode oferecer, concomitantemente, risco de sofrimento e possibilidade de ressignificação para os participantes. Concluímos que, tanto do ponto de vista ético quanto da viabilidade da pesquisa, é necessário para a condução da entrevista conhecimento teórico-metodológico, acolhimento e empatia, bem como disponibilidade e confiança por parte de quem narra sua história.

RESUMEN Por tratarse de una técnica que privilegia la investigación del sentido, la entrevista es una de las herramientas más utilizadas en investigaciones cualitativas, configurándose necesario la reflexión sobre su uso como instrumento. El objetivo del presente artículo es discutir los desafíos para el investigador en la entrevista cualitativa y posibles impactos para el participante-entrevistado. El análisis, fundamentada en extractos de entrevistas retirados de diferentes proyectos, se centró en dos aspectos: 1. La relación entre investigador y participante y 2. Posibles implicaciones para el entrevistado. Se discute que la entrevista se constituye en el campo intersubjetivo investigador-investigado, con variabilidades e influencias contextuales que están más allá de la posibilidad de control total del investigador sobre el proceso, evidenciando el papel activo de ambos en el acontecimiento de la entrevista. Con respeto a las implicaciones, se observa que la entrevista es oportunidad de expresar experiencias no reveladas en otros contextos y que, al revisar su historia, la percepción del narrador sobre ella y sobre sí mismo puede cambiar. Estos aspectos hacen de la entrevista momento de constitución de sentidos y no mero relato, lo que puede también implicar en la movilización de afectos no elaborados. Ante estas cuestiones, se nota que la entrevista puede ofrecer concomitantemente riesgo de sufrimiento y posibilidad de resignificación para el participante. Concluimos que, tanto desde el punto de vista ético, como de la viabilidad de la investigación, es necesario al entrevistador no sólo el conocimiento teórico-metodológico, sino también acogida y empatía, y por parte del participante, disponibilidad y confianza.

ABSTRACT Since the interview is a technique that favors the investigation of meaning, it is one of the most used tools in qualitative research, requiring a study on its uses. This article aimed to discuss the challenges for the researcher in the use of the qualitative interview and possible implications for the interviewed. Our analysis, based on excerpts from interviews drawn from different research projects, focused on two aspects: 1. The relationship between researcher and participant, and 2. Possible implications for the interviewee. We argue that the researcher-participant intersubjective field constitutes the interview, with contextual variability and influences that preclude the possibility of complete control of the process by the investigator, conferring an active role to both interactors. Concerning the implications for the interviewee, we point out that the interview is an opportunity for the participant to reveal previously untold experiences, and that, by revisiting his/her history; the narrator may change his/her perspective about it and about him/herself. These aspects turn the interview into a moment of sensemaking and not a mere report, which may also imply the mobilization of unelaborated affections. Given these issues, we note that the interview may concomitantly present to the participant the risk of suffering as well as the possibility of making new understandings about their experiences. We conclude that from an ethical point of view, considering as well the viability of the research, the interviewer must display not only the required theoretical and methodological knowledge but also acceptance and empathy, whereas the participant must show availability and trust.